Strange factoid: the stock Yanny bolt is NOT a tight fit thru the various holes. I don't remember just why at the moment, could be threads were rolled on (in?)
Welcome to the joys of boat ownership!
When all else fails (or you get really mad): Cut off securing bolt about 1" behind the mounting ear on the engine. Remove all the bits of spacers. Flood with penetrating oil. Make alt move. Cut off head of bolt. Remove alt. Now you've just got frozen bolt...
Rust never sleeps. Take the belt & tensioning bracket off. Try to get the alt rotating on the mount. Usually you can get a thick piece of wood into the gap for leverage. LOTS of penetrating oil! Bolt only threads into missing nut.
The alt attaches to the bracket with a long bolt. Yours has broken off the threaded end. The 'sleeve/insert' you can see in the aft alt tang is to allow for slight differences in the spacers andengine mounts. It is meant to slide towards/into the alt arm to take out any gap in the installation...