I'm having trouble believing this was just human error.
Don't forget the lookouts. Navy ships of this class usually have 2 lookouts (one forward and one aft). Merchant ships are required to have at least one lookout.The Bridge watch has 4-6 people and then who ever is in CiC. No one saw this coming?!!? At 0230 you are at the low point of reaction times and I am sure there was a fair amount of complacency but ....